Yuán Hónɡdào 1568-1610
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Yuan Hongdao hated being an official and never enjoyed administrative duties. Here is how he wrote about it: "Indeed, the advantages of serving as an Educational Official are just as you describe them in your letter, except that you don’t go far enough and much more can be said of the matter. I think back to that time when I was serving in Wu County and although one could say that I had a sufficiency of wives and concubines, fine clothes and rich food, I often didn’t get to see the former for months on end, and as to the last, even the yellow croachers of Tiger Hill that once I dined off tasted no better than mud. By contrast, the apple cakes and sweetmeats that are now my simple fare seem as if they come from the kitchen of an immortal. And, although living within the confines of a temple affords one little by way of peace and quiet, far better it is than living in that hall of endless litigation; although the monks prove poor conversationalists, more elegant by far are they than prisoners and Yamen runners. All men strive for wealth and power, always to be dissatisfied with what they achieve. Once one has really found a place of retreat, however, nothing there is that one does not have enough of." "Its not that I am unwilling to be an official, but I can't help feeling that it simply runs against the grain of my heart!... Being an official entails suffering; being a magistrate causes the most suffering of all. And if you're the magistrate of Wuxian, then the suffering is multiplied a million-fold, worse than the labors of ox and horse. Why? Because superiors visit you like gathering clouds, travelers stop by like drops of rain, papers pile up like mountains,an ocean of taxes in cash and grain must be collected: if you work and write morning and night, you still can't keep up with all of it! Misery, misery!" (Quoted from Jonathan Chaves' Pilgrim Of The Clouds.) 1567 Born Yuan Hongdao 1592 passed Jinshi exam at 25 years old 1594 To Suzhou by water arrived 1595 Magistrate of Suzhou 1597 Returned to Peking, Educational Official 1597 Visited West Lake for the first time, to sit drinking in Lake Heart Pavilion as the autumnal rains washed the lake red with peach blossoms. He paid calls upon the celebrated monk Zhuhong 1600 Secretary in the Bureau of Ceremonies in the Ministry of Rites, three months then resigned 1608 Again back in the Capital to serve as Director of the Bureau of 1610 resigned returned home 袁宏道（1568—1610）字無學，又字中郎，號石公，公安(今屬湖北)人，宗道之弟。萬曆二十年（1592）進士。他不喜做官，動輒請假、辭職，總共在吳縣令、吏部郎中等任上做了五、六年，大多數時間在游山玩水、詩酒之會中度過。但他做官時也做得很認真，有很好的聲譽，只是覺得官場的生活壓抑得人太苦，所以寧可賦閑。有《袁中郎全集》。 袁氏三兄弟均與李贄有密切交往，李贄也曾對袁宏道極表贊賞。公安派的文學觀主要是從李贄的思想學說中發展出來的，所以它的基點不在於詩文的語言技巧，而在於個性解放的精神。袁宏道在無意中讀到徐渭的詩集時驚喜莫名，對這位幾乎湮沒無聞的前輩表示出極大的尊敬，也正是因為徐渭的身上表現了狂傲而不可羈勒的個性。 江盈科在《敝篋集序》中引述袁中郎的話說：“詩何必唐，又何必初與盛？要以出自性靈者為真詩耳。夫性靈竅于心，寓於境。境所偶觸，心能攝之；心所欲吐，腕能運之。……以心攝境，以腕運心，則性靈無不畢達，是之謂真詩。” At the age of 24 he took the 'jinshi exam and took an official position. However he quit out of boredom after a year and in 1593 went traveling. His travels resulted in his publishing a poetry compilation Jietuo ji [Collection of One Released]. His and his two brothers' poetry, which focused on clarity and sincerety, collected a following eventually known as the Gong'an school, the central belief of which was that good writing was a result of genuine emotions and personal experience. When one of Yuan Hongdao's brothers died in 1600 he retired to a small island in a lake to meditate and write poetry. The resulting work is Xiao Bitang Ji, Jade-Green Bamboo Hall Collection. |
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